USP <232> Heavy Metals in Supplements — PDE Limits, ICP-MS, and What Fails
USP <232> sets Permitted Daily Exposure limits for Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and 18 other elemental impurities. What the limits actually are, how ICP-MS measures them, and where supplements fail.
How Long Does a Peptide COA Take? Lab Turnaround Times Explained
Standard 5-7 business day turnaround. Why HPLC purity ships in 4-5 days, USP <85> endotoxin adds 2 days, USP <71> sterility takes 14, and how priority pricing works.
Injectable-Grade vs Research-Only Peptide COA — What's the Difference?
Research-only COAs cover HPLC purity and identity. Injectable-grade adds USP <85> endotoxin and USP <71> sterility. What differs analytically and why the price gap exists.
PFAS Drinking-Water Testing — EPA 533, 537.1, and 1633 Compared
EPA 533 covers 25 short-chain PFAS in drinking water. EPA 537.1 covers 18 longer-chain analytes. EPA 1633 covers 40 analytes for wastewater and soil. Which method to use when.
Δ⁹-THC Compliance: The 2018 Farm Bill 0.3 % Calculation
The 0.3 % hemp ceiling applies to total THC, not Δ⁹-THC alone. Why total THC = (THCA × 0.877) + Δ⁹-THC, and what your compliance COA should actually show.
The Kratom 7-OH 2 % Cap Explained — AKA-GMP, FDA / DEA Scrutiny
The American Kratom Association GMP cap on 7-hydroxymitragynine, why the 2 % number matters, what FDA / DEA enforcement has looked like since 2024, and how to test for compliance.
USP <85> Endotoxin Testing Explained — LAL, EU/mg, MVD
The regulatory line between research-use-only powder and injectable-grade peptide. How the LAL assay works, what EU/mg means, what MVD is, and what an injectable-grade COA shows.
Net Peptide Content (NPC) vs HPLC Purity — What's the Difference?
A peptide vial can be 99 % HPLC purity and still only carry 75 % of the labeled active mass. Why purity and NPC measure different things — and why most public COAs only report the first.
What Is a Certificate of Analysis (COA)?
A Certificate of Analysis is the cornerstone of product quality verification. Learn what a COA contains, why third-party testing matters, and how to verify one is legitimate.
How to Test Peptides for Purity: HPLC vs Mass Spectrometry
A detailed breakdown of HPLC and mass spectrometry — the two gold-standard methods for peptide purity testing — explaining what each measures, when to use them, and what results look like.
How to Read a Peptide COA: A Complete Guide
COAs contain more information than most people know how to interpret. This guide walks through every section of a peptide Certificate of Analysis so you know exactly what you’re looking at.
Supplement Label Claims: What Third-Party Testing Actually Verifies
Label-claim testing is one of the most important and misunderstood aspects of supplement compliance. Here’s what it tests, how to interpret results, and why it matters for your brand.